Below, is the biology revise sheet, but guess what?
I didn't even need to know anything on this sheet, nothing! The test was mainly improvisation, and eughhhh i'm so pissed now -_-
I mean i didn't learn any of this, haha, i only learned the Reflex part thingy, the very last part, the only thing of what was on the test was, the operant condition, which i didn't learn XD
Ways of learning
Type of learning
|
Simple explanation
|
Example
|
Trial and error
|
When a chance action brings an advantage, and is remember and used
again
|
When a rat finds its way through a maze for the first time
|
Insight learning
|
When an animal uses previously learned skills to help it solve a
problem
|
A chimpanzee will pile up boxes to reach a banana which is too high to
reach
|
Latent learning
|
When an animal subconsciously becomes familiar with an area or skill
and later finds the information useful
|
A mouse may regularly travel around a territory. When threatened it
may use this familiarity to find an escape.
|
Imprinting
|
When a young animal identifies with another animal or object soon
after hatching or being born
|
Konrad Lorenz’ graylag geese followed him everywhere as they saw him
when they hatched
|
Types of behavior
Type of behavior
|
Simple explanation
|
Example
|
Habituation
|
The animal gets used to the ‘stimuli’ and starts to ignore it.
|
A crow gets used to a scarecrow and ignores it.
|
Conditioning
|
The animal begins to predict the outcome of something just because it
has happened many times before.
Learn a new stimulus for a reflex. |
A dog or cat can learn to associate a certain sound (e.g. tin being
opened with food).
|
Operant conditioning
|
The animal learns to do something as they will receive a reward.
Can also be by punishment.
|
A pigeon can be trained to press a lever and will receive a pellet of
food
|
Definitions
Stimulus
|
A change in the environment
|
Receptors
|
Cells that detect the stimulus:
Muscles
Glands |
Effectors
|
Cells that carry out the response; does the response
|
Central Nervous System
|
Co-ordinates the body’s reactions; brain+spinal cord; tells motor
neurons what to do. Receives impulses from sensory neurons.
|
Nerves
|
Carry impulses; connect the CNS to other parts of the body.
Collection of nerve cells or neurons.
|
Sensory Neurone
|
Carries electrical nerve impulse to the CNS
|
Motor Neurone
|
Carries electrical nerve impulse from the CNS
|
Response
|
How the body reacts to the stimulus
|
At the end of a neurone the impulse must cross a gap, by chemical
diffusion to the next neurone. The gap is called a synapse.
Reflex
1.
Stimulus
2.
Receptor
3.
Sensory neurone
4.
CNS (relay neurone)
5.
Motor neurone
6.
Effector
7.
Response
